1. What is pH?

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. It ranges from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very basic), with 7 being neutral.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the pH formula:

Where:

• \( pH \) — pH value (unitless)
• \( [H⁺] \) — Hydrogen ion concentration in molarity (M)
• \( \log \) — Base-10 logarithm

Explanation: The negative logarithm converts the hydrogen ion concentration into a more convenient scale where each unit change represents a tenfold change in acidity.

3. Importance of pH Calculation

Details: pH calculation is essential in chemistry, biology, medicine, environmental science, and many industrial processes. It helps determine solution acidity, predict chemical behavior, and maintain optimal conditions for biological systems.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter hydrogen ion concentration in molarity (M). The value must be greater than 0. For very small concentrations, scientific notation may be more appropriate (e.g., 1e-7 for neutral water).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the pH of pure water?
A: Pure water at 25°C has a hydrogen ion concentration of 1×10⁻⁷ M, giving it a pH of 7 (neutral).

Q2: How does temperature affect pH?
A: Temperature affects the autoionization of water, changing the neutral pH point. At higher temperatures, neutral pH is slightly less than 7.

Q3: What pH range is considered acidic?
A: Solutions with pH less than 7 are considered acidic. The lower the pH, the more acidic the solution.

Q4: Can pH be negative or greater than 14?
A: Yes, for very concentrated strong acids, pH can be negative, and for very concentrated strong bases, pH can exceed 14.

Q5: How accurate is this calculation?
A: This calculation provides theoretical pH based on hydrogen ion concentration. Actual pH measurements may vary due to temperature, ionic strength, and other factors.